Journey From East to West

By the first century CE, ginger had made its way to the Mediterranean. It was among the first oriental spices to reach the region, possibly brought by the Phoenicians and later traded by Arab or Persian merchants using Red Sea trade routes.

The Romans and Greeks valued it for its therapeutic qualities. Greek physician Dioscorides recommended ginger in his De Materia Medica, highlighting its benefits for digestion. The Greeks wrapped ginger in bread and consumed it as a digestive aid, while the Romans mistakenly considered it a type of pepper.

Ginger was inscribed as ζηγγίβερις (a phonetic spelling of the Greek word) in Dioscorides’ “De Materia Medica.” Source: Morgan Library, New York.

deeply integrated into traditional Chinese medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine and folklore, ginger is regarded as a “yang” herb, associated with warmth, vitality, and life force. It is believed to harmonize the balance of “yin” and “yang” within the body, thereby promoting overall health and wellbeing.

Chinese sailors historically chewed ginger to prevent seasickness, and it was widely used in ancient China to alleviate conditions such as arthritis and kidney problems.

Illustration of Lei Gong preparing medicines(1591). Source: wikimediacommons

Popular exotic spice since medieval times

Historically, ginger was one of the most prominent spices in medieval Europe. The wealthy were able to enjoy roasted meats accompanied by flavourful dipping sauces, such as yellow sauce made with ginger and saffron, or green sauce featuring a blend of ginger, cloves, cardamom, and fresh herbs. It was widely used to flavour beer during the Middle Ages, and it was so highly valued in 13th and 14th century England that a single pound of the spice was reportedly worth as much as a sheep.

Holy Women buying spices from merchant in the “Egmont Breviary.” Source: New York, Morgan Library

Festival dedicated to ginger in Japan

Shōga Matsuri, or Ginger Root Festival take place every September, notably at the Shiba Daijingu Shrine in central Tokyo and Ninomiya Shrine in Akiruno. During the festivities, vibrant portable mikoshi shrines are paraded to pay homage to Shinto deities.

Meanwhile, lively open-air stalls brim with fresh ginger roots, where vendors enthusiastically proclaim, “protects against evils” and “eating ginger keeps colds at bay,” enticing festival-goers and potential buyers alike.

Japanese paper lanterns in a festival. Source: pixabay

Potential medicinal benefits of ginger

Bioactive compounds in ginger, especially gingerol is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. It may also have beneficial effects on obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and osteoarthritis. Future research is exploring ginger’s healing properties in reducing symptoms of Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, migraines, epilepsy, pain management, and cancer.

The recommended amount is up to 1-2g a day, but it is always best to consult a healthcare expert before trying any new foods.

Health benefits of ginger. Source: Promdam and Panichayupakaranant(2022)

REFERENCES

1. Kemper, K.J., 1999. Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Longwood Herbal Task Force, 3(1), pp.1-18.

2. Bode, A.M. and Dong, Z., 2011. The amazing and mighty ginger. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition.

3. Promdam, N. and Panichayupakaranant, P., 2022. [6]-Gingerol: a narrative review of its beneficial effect on human health. Food Chemistry Advances, 1, p.100043.

4. Spence, C., 2023. Ginger: The pungent spice. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, p.100793.

5. The Wicca Garden: A Modern Witch’s Book of Magickal and Enchanted Herbs and Plants (2001)

6. https://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/d044_Michel.htm
7. https://sramdin20.medium.com/ginger-b38cdc18cf71
8. https://archive.org/details/gingerbreadboy1975gald/mode/2up
9. https://www.ovid.com/journals/jama/abstract/00005407-200411170-00041~gingerism
10. https://books.google.de/books/about/Sweet_Invention.html?id=gN6ySQnUnfwC&redir_esc=y

Symbols of Hope & Divine Provision

The most significant mention of palm trees in Christianity occurs during the Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. On that momentous day, as Jesus makes his way through the streets of Jerusalem, the air resonates with the shouts of “Hosanna!” and a sea of swaying palm leaves. This moment, now commemorated as Palm Sunday, signifies the start of Holy Week and encapsulates the essence of hope and triumph.

But the palm’s importance doesn’t end there. Throughout the Bible, these majestic trees serve as powerful metaphors. In the Psalms, the righteous are compared to flourishing palms, standing tall and unshakeable. The Book of Revelation paints a celestial scene of multitudes praising God, palm branches held high in ultimate victory. Even in times of hardship, palms offered solace. Imagine the weary Israelites during the Exodus, finding respite among seventy palms at Elim – a vivid symbol of God’s provision in the desert.

L’Entrée du Christ à Jérusalem (1632); Source: wikimedia

Miraculous Palm in Mary and Jesus’ Journey

The palm tree holds a special place in both Islamic and Christian traditions, featuring prominently in the stories of Mary and Jesus. In the Qur’an, we find Mary seeking refuge under a palm tree during her labour, while the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew places the event during the travel to Egypt after Jesus’ birth.

Both accounts share a miraculous moment: Mary, tired and famished, yearns for the fruit of the palm tree. In response, the infant Jesus commands the palm tree to bow down, offering its dates to his mother. The tree complies, and in certain versions, fresh water gushes forth from its roots. This tale beautifully illustrates Jesus’ divine nature, even as a newborn or unborn child.

Mary at the palm tree with baby Jesus (1570); Source: wikimedia

Iran’s Sacred Bond with the DATE PALM

For the people in Iran’s date-growing areas, palm trees are ever-present, from the cradle to the coffin, with every part of the tree historically utilised in daily life. This deep connection extends to spiritual and religious practices, where palms play a crucial role in local customs and beliefs. For instance, fresh palm leaves and branches are never burned until they dry, as they are believed to possess life and feelings. Cutting down a green palm tree is considered ominous, and the act must be atoned for by planting a new tree, making a sacrifice, or giving alms to ward off evil.

The connection between palm trees and fertility is evident in customs found in southern Iran, such as the myth of palm trees falling in love and marrying to ensure fertility. Ancient beliefs suggested that a tree’s upward growth connected it to heavenly forces. A bent or downward-facing tree was seen as demon-possessed, considered mad, and believed to be beyond cure.

Date palm by Jean Hippolyte Marchand (1883-1940); Source: jstor

Symbols of Victory in Ancient Art

Palm motifs were prevalent in various cultures and artistic traditions, including Greek, Egyptian, Islamic, Moorish, and Byzantine  art. In these contexts, palms symbolised paradise, divine order, victory, and eternal life. They appeared in frescoes, mosaics, manuscripts, and architectural decorations, such as the 4th-century fresco in Villa Romana del Casale in Sicily, where the goddess Nike  presents palm branches and crowns to the winner of an athletic contest.

Goddess Nike holding palm branch; Source: wikimediA

The Church Triumphant in the Crusades

In the 11th century, Lambert, the Abbot of Saint-Omer, emphasised the palm tree as a symbol of the Church Triumphant in his manuscript Liber Floridus. He saw the palm on Mount Zion as a representation of the Church of Jerusalem, which was restored to Christianity during the Crusades. Lambert also connected the palm tree with martyrdom and the virtuous qualities of Crusaders.

The great palm of virtues in Liber Floridus; Source: wikimedia

POTENTIAL MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF PALM

Palm trees belong to the Arecaceae family and produce a variety of fruits, including dates, bacaba, patawa, açaí, buriti, and many more. These fruits are rich in carotenoids, anthocyanins, tocopherols, minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. These compounds have been associated with various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antiobesity, and cardioprotective effects.

The consumption of products derived from the palm tree family, such as beverages, candies, jams, and edible oils, not only provides essential nutrients but also contributes to overall well-being and may have applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

References

1. Tengberg, M., 2012. Beginnings and early history of date palm garden cultivation in the Middle East. Journal of Arid Environments, 86, pp.139-147.Mourad, S.A., 2002.

2. From Hellenism to Christianity and Islam: The Origin of the Palm Tree Story concerning Mary and Jesus in the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and the Qur’an’. Oriens Christianus, 86, pp.206-16.

3. Taslim Jahromi, F., 2023. Analysis of the myths of creation and fertility related to palms in southern Iran (Base on Jahrom’s beliefs). Literary Research, 20(81), pp.7-16.

4. Mahboubeh, Taheri., Effatolsadat, Afzaltousi. (2016). Palm: the tree of life in myths and monotheistic religions. International journal of humanities and social sciences.

5. Taslim Jahromi, F., 2023. Analysis of the myths of creation and fertility related to palms in southern Iran (Base on Jahrom’s beliefs). Literary Research, 20(81), pp.7-16.

6. da Silveira Agostini-Costa, T., 2018. Bioactive compounds and health benefits of some palm species traditionally used in Africa and the Americas–a review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 224, pp.202-229.

Journey from Native Tribes to Pilgrims’ Tables

Pumpkins, native to North America, have been cultivated by Native American tribes for thousands of years. They hold a significant place in their traditional practices and cuisines, deeply integrated into their culture. Certain Native American groups, such as the Navajo, Hopi, and Pueblo, have even established Pumpkin Clans and hold traditional Pumpkin Flower Dances. 

Upon their arrival in America, the Pilgrims and other early European settlers were introduced to pumpkins by the Native Americans. Pumpkins became an essential part of the settlers’ diets because of their versatility, long shelf life, and ease of cultivation. The tradition of pumpkin pie can be traced back to these early settlers, who created a version by hollowing out a pumpkin, filling it with milk, honey, and spices, and baking it in hot ashes. 

Today, pumpkin pie remains a beloved dessert served during Thanksgiving. Pumpkin puree is a common ingredient in many Thanksgiving recipes, adding to the holiday’s distinct flavours.

First Thanksgiving_pilgrims and native Americans(1621); Source: jstor.org

PUMPKIN HEADS AND EMPTY MINDS

Italian painter Giuseppe Arcimboldo, in his famous vegetable compilation portraits, equated pumpkins with a man’s mental capacities or the lack thereof. In his late 16th-century paintings, titled Autumn (1573) and Vertumnus-Rudlof II (1591), Arcimboldo depicted an assortment of garden produce to form the outline and features of a man’s head and torso. In Autumn, the man has a pumpkin head, and in Vertumnus-Rudlof II, a pumpkin heart or chest. The artist’s strategic placement of the pumpkins suggests his commentary on his subject’s perceived mental emptiness.

The portraits confounded and delighted Arcimboldo’s contemporaries, as well as later generations of scholars. Interpretations of these vegetable portraits have ranged from allegories of the universe to “serious jokes” about the Habsburg monarchy.

Vertumnus-Rudlof II (1591); Source: wikimedia

HARVEST OF DESIRES

In the 16th century, Dutch artists Pieter Aertsen and Joachim Beuckelaer such as often depicted plump peasant women surrounded by a bountiful harvest in their paintings. These women were often shown with an abundance of fruits and vegetables, including pumpkins and squashes, spilling out from giant baskets. The scenes also hinted at sexual allure, with men lurking in the background and gazing at the female peddlers and their products. The choice of rustic peasant women effectively conveyed themes of sexuality and unguarded lust, as they were believed to have a deeper connection with nature and were less constrained by social conventions.

Market Scene by Pieter Aersten (1591); Source: wikimedia

MAYAN LEGEND OF HERO TWINS, GODS, AND A PUMPKIN

In the ancient Mayan culture, pumpkins held great significance as symbols of life force and vitality. The Popol Vuh, a book documenting Mayan mythology, history, and traditions, tells the tale of the Hero Twins, Junajpu and Xb’alanke. These twins faced trials and battles against the Xibalba, the Lords of the Underworld, ultimately using a pumpkin to outsmart them and achieve victory.

In a ballgame challenge, Junajpu is decapitated by a giant bat, and his head is used as the ball. Xb’alanke cleverly uses a pumpkin to temporarily restore his brother’s head. The twins then deceive the Lords of Xibalba by turning a rabbit into the ball, allowing Xb’alanke to retrieve Junajpu’s true head and reattach it. The game concludes with the twins winning as Xb’alanke smashes the pumpkin-ball against the court wall, scattering seeds all around.

This ingenious use of the pumpkin not only helps the Hero Twins defeat the Lords of Xibalba but also symbolizes the victory of life over death. The scattering of seeds represents vital energy, the soul, or the seeds of life.

Sacrifice by decapitation, south ball game, El Tajín (Ladrón 2006: 83)

ORIGINS OF JACK-O-LANTERNS

The custom of carving pumpkins for Halloween originates from an Irish tale about Stingy Jack. Legend has it that Jack was denied entry into both heaven and hell upon his death. The devil, feeling sorry for him, gave Jack a burning coal to light his way, which he placed inside a hollowed-out turnip. Ever since, Jack’s spirit has been wandering the earth.

To ward off spirits like Stingy Jack, people in the British Isles began carving faces into turnips, potatoes, radishes, and beets. These carved vegetables would then have candles placed inside them, much like the pumpkin lanterns we associate with Halloween today. The belief was that these illuminated creations could keep evil at bay and bring light to the darkness.

When Irish and Scottish immigrants brought their Halloween traditions to America, they found that pumpkins were more abundant and easier to carve than turnips. Thus, pumpkins became the go-to choice for Jack-o’-lanterns. Harvested in the fall, pumpkins’ vibrant orange hue and round shape make them ideal symbols of autumn and popular holiday decorations.

Irish turnip carving; Source: Smithsonianmag

PUMPKINS IN FOLKLORE AND LITERATURE

In the classic tale of “Cinderella,” a pumpkin is transformed into a stunning carriage by the fairy godmother, enabling Cinderella to conquer her obstacles and attend the grand ball, altering her fate forever.

Carriage turn back to a pumpkin: source: Hewet’s household stories for little folks (1855)

A different take on pumpkins can be seen in Frank Baum’s “Oz” series with the character Jack Pumpkinhead. Jack, with a wooden body and a pumpkin head brought to life by the Powder of Life, is kind-hearted yet naive, often worried about his head decaying. He plays a vital role in assisting Tip in overthrowing the Scarecrow and helping Princess Ozma claim her rightful place as ruler of Oz.

Jack the Pumpkinhead; source: project Gutenberg

The journey of a pumpkin, from a tiny seed in the soil to a delectable pie, is beautifully illustrated in William E. Barton’s early 20th-century poem “Story of Pumpkin Pie.” The poem’s message emphasizes the value of hard work and patience in farming and cooking, as well as the happiness that comes from sharing food with others.

Book: Story of pumpkin pie: source: project Gutenberg

POTENTIAL MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF PUMPKINS

Pumpkins are not just symbols in art, literature, and folklore; they offer significant scientific benefits. The ripe pumpkin pulp, seeds, powder, and peel are packed with fiber and essential minerals like zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and selenium, crucial for overall body function. Additionally, pumpkins contain bioactive compounds that possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and antidiabetic properties. Ongoing research is exploring the potential health benefits of pumpkin seeds in managing conditions such as diabetes, heart issues, cancer, depression, worm infections, and lifestyle disorders. Moreover, pumpkins can also be advantageous for skincare. A recent Thai study revealed that the polysaccharides found in Japanese pumpkins are excellent for maintaining skin hydration. Incorporating these compounds into skincare products could offer a safe and effective solution for combating skin dryness and signs of aging.

References

1. Paris, H.S. Historical records, origins, and development of the edible cultivar groups ofCucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Econ Bot 43, 423–443 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02935916

2. Ott, C., 2012. Pumpkin: The curious history of an American icon. University of Washington Press.

3. PATZÁN, D.M.G. and REGA, M.F., The Decapitation Ritual and the Ancient Maya Ballgame. From Archaeological Evidences to Sacred Stories.

4. Batool, M., Ranjha, M.M.A.N., Roobab, U., Manzoor, M.F., Farooq, U., Nadeem, H.R., Nadeem, M., Kanwal, R., AbdElgawad, H., Al Jaouni, S.K. and Selim, S., 2022. Nutritional value, phytochemical potential, and therapeutic benefits of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.). Plants, 11(11), p.1394.

5. Devi, N.M., Prasad, R.V. and Sagarika, N., 2018. A review on health benefits and nutritional composition of pumpkin seeds. International journal of chemical studies, 6(3), pp.1154-1157.

6. Museum of food and culture

7. Project Gutenberg

Role of Viniculture in Ethiopian History

One of the earliest mention of grapes can be found in the 13th century Ethiopian law book Fetha Nägäst, also known as the Laws of the Kings, which serves as the foundation of Ethiopian Law. This text declared that wine for the Eucharist ceremony or the Holy Communion should be made from “the juice of pure grapes”, and “not be replaced by any intoxicating drink prepared with the help of fire”

The Ethiopian Orthodox Church required wine for the all-important Eucharist ceremonies, but this demand for wine was met by the availability of raisins – in many cases imported from abroad – which proved to be more convenient for wine-making than using fresh grapes. Viniculture, or the process of growing grapes for making wine, has a long history in Ethiopia, dating back to at least early Aksumite times.

It is possible that production was disrupted in the early 16th century due to the attempted conquest of the country by the Muslim conqueror Ahmäd ibn Ibrahim, although this has not been definitively established. Most of the country’s grapevines appear to have been destroyed by the grape pest phylloxera in the second half of the century.

Chapter from Fetha Nägäst; Source: ethiopianorthodox.org

Legacy of grapes and wines in ancient egypt

The ancient Egyptians never cultivated wild grapes, but they managed to build a successful wine industry in the Nile Delta around the third Dynasty which was around 2700 BC. Grapes were a staple food in ancient Egypt, enjoyed fresh, dried, or turned into wine. They were used in various dishes, including baked goods and beverages.

Egyptian tombs, including that of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, contain records of grape and wine. Egyptians also imported superior wine from Greece, which they mixed with water. Wine was linked to Osiris, the god of the afterlife, and the life-giving forces of the Nile’s red sediments.

Scenes of harvesting grapes in Tomb of Nakht; Source: jstor.org

Grapes of ancient palestine

In ancient Palestine, grapes were a vital part of daily life, deeply woven into the fabric of agricultural and social customs. The vineyards, filled with the lush, green vines, became bustling hubs of activity, especially during the harvest season.

Entire families, from grandparents to children, participated in the grape harvest, transforming it into a communal celebration. As the harvest began, families would migrate to their vineyards, setting up temporary homes in huts constructed from branches and rushes. These makeshift dwellings, known as QASR, provided a temporary yet essential home for the weeks of the grape-gathering season. The entire landscape buzzed with the sounds of laughter, singing, and the rhythmic clinking of harvesting tools.

The grape harvest in ancient Palestine wasn’t just about gathering fruit; it was a time of intense social bonding and cultural preservation. Traditional songs, proverbs, and stories were shared, teaching the younger generation about their heritage and the significance of the vines that sustained them.

Palestinian villages celebrating grape harvest; Source: wearenotnumbers.org

Biblical Significance of grapes and wines

In the Bible and all ancient Hebrew writings, grapevines are called as “gefen” originating apparently from the word “kafan” meaning to bend and curl, in reference to vine stems and tendrils.

It is said in the Genesis that after the Great Flood, Noah planted a vineyard. This act is significant as the vine is mentioned in Deuteronomy as one of the plants in the promised land of Israel.

In the New Testament, Jesus referred to himself as the true vine, highlighting his connection to God. He performed his first miracle by turning water into wine at a wedding in Cana. At the Last Supper, Jesus shared bread and wine with his disciples, representing his body and blood. He instructed them to continue this practice in remembrance of him.

Overall, grapes and vineyards hold deep significance in the Bible, representing generosity, divine connection, and the sacrifice of Jesus.

Painting of the last supper (1557-1564); Source: jstor.org

Medieval Wine and Society

In the Middle Ages, grapes and wine held great importance, both in terms of their economic and social impact. Wine served not only as a beverage but also as a medicine, while grapes were considered both cleansing and nutritious.

During the medieval period, people believed that the gods resided within the grapes they harvested and the wines they consumed. Wine allowed them to transcend their everyday lives and commune with these deities.

However, as Christianity gained influence, the Christian church began to restrict the use of sacred wine and differentiate it from secular wine. It was common for priests, monks, friars, and nuns of the Catholic Church to be the primary suppliers of wine to the masses during that period. From the fall of the Roman Empire until the Renaissance, Church workers not only provided wine to the average European but also played a crucial role in selecting and spreading high-quality grape varieties. Kings and feudal lords of the medieval period also had vineyards and made wine, but they often donated large portions of land to the Church for vineyard use.

Peasants and workers from the lower classes used to consume wine that had been stored in animal hides. Unfortunately, this practice resulted in the wine acquiring a terrible taste, resembling vinegar. Despite its unappealing flavour, this wine was still considered more hygienic than drinking pure water. They even included wine with their breakfast!

Grape gathering and wine cultivation in 15th century; Source: A history of champagne (1882)

Grapes of Canaan

In the painting “Grapes of Canaan,” the renowned French painter James Tissot expertly portrays the biblical account of the spies dispatched by Moses to survey the land of Canaan. These scouts returned with a magnificent cluster of grapes as evidence of the land’s fertility.

Grapes of Canaan (1896 -1902) by James Tissot; Source: wikiart.org

The Goophered Grapevine

The Goophered Grapevine, written by Charles Chesnutt and published in 1887, is a short story included in his collection The Conjure Woman. This collection delves into the themes of race, folklore, and the supernatural in South America after the Civil War.

The story is significant for its use of African American vernacular and its early depiction of African American folklore in American literature. Chesnutt uses the frame narrative and the character of Uncle Julius to give voice to African American experiences and cultural traditions in a period of significant social change.

Source: pixabay.com

POTENTIAL MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF grapes

Grapes are rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavanols, and phenolic acids, which offer a wide range of health benefits. Studies reveal that consuming grapes may decrease the risk of developing chronic conditions such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.

The French Paradox is an observation that suggests that French people have a lower risk of coronary heart disease, despite consuming a diet high in saturated fats. This phenomenon is often linked to their regular consumption of red wine, which is believed to offer protection against heart issues. While wine plays a significant role in the French Paradox, it’s likely a combination of factors such as diet, lifestyle, and genetics that contribute to their lower rates of heart disease. Resveratrol is naturally occurring compound found in grape skin and wine is believed to provide the heart-protective properties. Research also indicates that wine consumption may be linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.

However, it’s essential to remember that resveratrol isn’t a cure-all for health improvement. Consulting a healthcare professional about alcohol consumption is always advisable, and it is important to remember that moderation is key.

Potential health benefits of grapes; Source: Zhou et al., 2022

References:

1. Pankhurst, Richard. “The History of Grapes, Vineyards and Wine in Ethiopia, Prior to the Italian Invasion.” Journal of Ethiopian Studies 39, no. 1/2 (2006): 35–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41966169.
2. McGovern, P. E. (1998). Wine for Eternity. Archaeology, 51(4), 28–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41771405
3. Canaan, T., 2005. Plant-lore in Palestinian superstition. Jerusalem Quarterly, (24).
4. Asaph Goor. “The History of the Grape-Vine in the Holy Land.” Economic Botany 20, no. 1 (1966): 46–64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4252702.
5. https://www.chabad.org/
6. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11666
7. https://www.vinetowinecircle.com/en/history/the-late-middle-ages-and-the-renaissance/
8. Zhou, D.D., Li, J., Xiong, R.G., Saimaiti, A., Huang, S.Y., Wu, S.X., Yang, Z.J., Shang, A., Zhao, C.N., Gan, R.Y. and Li, H.B., 2022. Bioactive compounds, health benefits and food applications of grape. Foods, 11(18), p.2755.
9. Sabra, A., Netticadan, T. and Wijekoon, C., 2021. Grape bioactive molecules, and the potential health benefits in reducing the risk of heart diseases. Food Chemistry: X, 12, p.100149.

THE ORIGIN OF MINT IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY

In Greek mythology, the goddess Persephone suspected her husband Hades, god of the underworld, of having an affair with a nymph called Minthe. In a jealous rage, she transformed the lovely nymph into a perennial herb. Hades, unable to counteract his wife’s spell, bestowed Minthe with a sweet smell so that she would continue to delight those who came in contact with her.

Another version of the myth says that it was not Hades, but Pluto, the Roman god of wealth and the underworld, who had a crush on Minthe. It was Pluto’s wife, Proserpina who was jealous of Minthe and turned her into a plant. Pluto then gave Minthe the same gift of a pleasant aroma.

The transformation of Minthe into a herb serves as a cautionary tale about the destructive power of jealousy and the enduring nature of beauty.

This narrative is depicted in the painting titled “Menthe changed into a Mint Plant” by Johann Ulrich Krauss created in 1694 portraying Minthe’s transformation into a mint plant as a punishment for her involvement with Hades.

Minthe wird in Münzen Kraut verwandelt by J. U. Krauss (1694); Source: jstor.org

MINT: THE HERB OF FUN AND HOSPITALITY

The Romans and Greeks commonly crowned themselves with it and decorated tables with the herb at their parties.

The ancient Romans used mint as a scented adornment for their tables at their parties and even crowned themselves and their guests with garlands made of mint. They also used to spread mint on floors in their homes for freshness. These gave off a slight scent where they were scattered, and ‘when they were trampled on, a strong and pleasant aroma scented the place.

Pliny The Elder recorded that the Greeks and Romans made great use of mint, adding it to both bathwater and perfumes, while also using it in sauces and wines.

Although many types of aromatic plants served this purpose, mint was preferred over alternatives owing to its stronger effect.

Banquet at emperor Nero’s palace; Source: factsanddetails.com

MINT USED IN BABYLONIAN HEALING RITUALS

The oldest written records of mint herbs are attributed to King Hammurabi of ancient Babylon, who prescribed them for medicinal purposes, namely gastrointestinal.

In a list of Babylonian healing rituals, pharmaceutical components such as cress, mint, extract of cedar, and date palm, were used in conjunction with invocations. he Babylonian Talmud, which contains teachings on various subjects, including medical advice, also mentions these rituals.

The Hammurabi Code; Source: jstor.org

ANCIENT EGYPTIANS INVENTED WORLD’S FIRST BREATH MINT?

Ancient Egyptians had bad dental health because of their unbalanced diet and the use of stones to grind flour, which led sand to get into their food and wear down their teeth.

They didn’t have access to good dental care like we do now, leading to overall poor oral health. To combat bad breath from decaying teeth, they used a mixture of herbs and spices like frankincense, myrrh, and cinnamon boiled together with honey to make pellets – similar to ancient mints but probably not as tasty as today’s mint.

Next time you reach for a mint, think about the ancient Egyptians who first came up with this clever solution for dental issues

Mint brand invented by Smith & Company in 1780s; Source: wikipedia

mint weaves itself into the fabric of early Christianity

In Slavic, Latin, and Teutonic languages, there’s a famous story about Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus. According to the tale, Mary fled with Baby Jesus from King Herod’s soldiers.

She met a peasant while seeking help. He advised them to hide behind a small mint plant which miraculously spread but couldn’t completely conceal them.↵Mary then asked the peasant to leave his plough on the ground. Suddenly, young wheat seedlings sprang up unexpectedly high.

When pursued by soldiers looking for her carrying a baby, he said she had passed by when he was sowing seeds. The pursuers believed it was too late to catch up with her and abandoned the chase

Mary feeding Jeses; Source: jstor.org

Mint and women’s health in Medieval times

In the Middle Ages, many women resorted to herbal remedies to end a pregnancy in its early stages. This knowledge was passed down from mothers, community herbalists, midwives, and local healers. To terminate an unwanted pregnancy, women tried cold footbaths, bloodletting, or consuming artemisia or mint tea.

John M Riddle, a well-known American historian and expert on medical history, has stated that people living in medieval times had a greater sense of control over their lives than we may have originally believed.

Source: Unknown, Wikimedia commons; public domain

MINT MISADVENTURES WITH MRS. CRUPP

In the book David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, Ms. Crupp is the landlady of the place that David rents when he works in London. She drinks a lot and often takes David’s alcohol without permission. Mrs. Crupp suffered from a strange condition called ‘the spazzums’ that caused nose inflammation and required constant peppermint treatment.

Still from David Copperfield movie (1999); Source: imdb

THE PEPPERMINT STAMP OF DDR

The “Peppermint Stamp” from the German Democratic Republic is a unique postage stamp issued in East Germany in 1959. It features a vibrant design depicting peppermint leaves and flowers, symbolizing agricultural achievements during the DDR’s Five-Year Plan. The stamp reflects the government’s emphasis on economic goals and self-sufficiency in food production.

Today, it holds historical significance and represents DDR’s economic policies during the Cold War era.

DDR’s peppermint stamp; Source: Stampcommunity.org

POTENTIAL MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF MINT

In addition to its traditional culinary and home remedy uses, mint also possesses potential health benefits such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. These effects are attributed to the bioactive compounds found in essential oils of mint, with menthol being the primary constituent. The essential oil extracted from fresh or partially dried herbs is utilized for enhancing the flavor of confectionery items, chewing gums, liqueurs, toothpaste, mouthwashes, and pharmaceutical preparations.

Scientific research indicates that mint may offer advantages for individuals with irritable bowel syndrome and related digestive issues by providing analgesic and respiratory effects. Furthermore, mint essential oil may aid in alleviating pain associated with menstrual cramps and muscle discomfort.

When used in conjunction with aromatherapy practices, mint oil has demonstrated positive impacts on mental health by promoting relaxation, stress reduction, and mood enhancement. Although employing essential oils for improving mental well-being follows a holistic approach, it is advisable to seek guidance from a qualified healthcare professional or aromatherapist first especially if you have existing medical conditions or take medication.

A 2023 experimental study revealed that mint oil can improve memory and may be beneficial in enhancing memory among individuals affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, recent studies have also presented promising findings regarding the treatment of lung and breast cancer.

REFERENCES:

1.https://www.greekmythology.com/

2.https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/greek-mythology

3.https://www.gutenberg.org/

4.https://www.jstor.org/

5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

6. https://www.mdpi.com/

7. Al-Tawarah NM, Al-dmour RH, Abu Hajleh MN, Khleifat KM, Alqaraleh M, Al-Saraireh YM, Jaradat AQ, Al-Dujaili EAS. Rosmarinus officinalis and Mentha piperita Oils Supplementation Enhances Memory in a Rat Model of Scopolamine-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease-like Condition. Nutrients. 2023; 15(6):1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061547

8. Murugesh, V., Shetty, D., Kurmi, A., Tirlotkar, S., Shetty, S., & Solanke, S. (2024). A comprehensive review of essential oils for depression management. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 13(2), 60-70.

9. Dolghi, A., Coricovac, D., Dinu, S., Pinzaru, I., Dehelean, C. A., Grosu, C., Chioran, D., Merghes, P. E., & Sarau, C. A. (2022). Chemical and Antimicrobial Characterization of Mentha piperita L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oils and In Vitro Potential Cytotoxic Effect in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(18), 6106. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186106

10. Hardinge, H., & Going, C. B. (1938). An Old-World Folk-Tale. Folklore, 49(3), 290–291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1257471

11. Barbara Böck, “When You Perform the Ritual of ‘Rubbing’: On Medicine and Magic in Ancient Mesopotamia,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 62 (2003): 7-8.

12. Cunningham’s Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs | Leafy Medicinal Herbs: Botany, Chemistry, Postharvest Technology and Uses

13. van de Walle, E. (1997). Flowers and Fruits: Two Thousand Years of Menstrual Regulation. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28(2), 183–203. https://doi.org/10.2307/206401

14. https://artoftheroot.com/

15. Hardinge, H. (1938). An Old-World Folk-Tale. Folklore, 49(3), 290–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.1938.9718771

THE ORIGIN OF ROSE IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY

Greek mythology is full of stories involving the rose, which is closely linked to the goddess of love and intimacy, Aphrodite. According to the legend, her love for the mortal Adonis was so strong that not even her home Olympus paled in comparison. However, their beautiful love story took a tragic turn when Ares, another one of Aphrodite’s lovers and the jealous god of war, intervened by transforming into a monstrous boar and killing Adonis. When Aphrodite rushed to his side upon hearing his cries, she pricked herself on a thorn and stained a white rose with her blood—creating the first crimson bloom as a symbol of undying love and heartache.

Source: Alice Pheles; deviantart.com

Desire’s Garden: The Romance of the Rose

The Romance of the Rose is a 13th-century French poem by Guillame de Lorris. It tells a captivating story about love and longing through the protagonist’s journey in a symbolic garden. Each encounter in the garden represents challenges faced in pursuing love, with a rose at its heart symbolizing his deepest desire. The protagonist’s quest to pluck this rose mirrors his pursuit of the lady who has captured his heart.

Source: Le roman de la rose (1390); Guillaume de Lorris & Jean de Meung; jstor.org

Medicinal Gardens of Medieval Monasteries

Benedictine monks in medieval monasteries cultivated roses, along with other herbs and plants. The monks grew the roses for their medicinal properties and used them to create tinctures and compounds for treating various ailments such as piles, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Their remedies were based on the knowledge from De Materia Medica, a work by Dioscorides, an ancient Greek physician from the 1st century.

Source: Travail des Mains (8 monks working in a monastery garden; jstor.org

THOUSAND-YEAR ROSES

The ancient rose bush, which dates back to 815 AD, continues to thrive at the Catholic cathedral in Hildesheim, Germany. Despite being located in a cathedral that was heavily damaged during WWII, this remarkable plant has withstood wars and natural disasters over the centuries. Today, it stands tall at a height of 10 meters.

Source: St.Mary’s Cathedral in Hildesheim, Germany; pixabay.com

THE TUDOR ROSE

The English and Welsh dynasties teamed up to create the House of Tudors that held the throne of England from 1485-1603. They used a red and white rose as their emblem, decorating things like buildings, furniture, flags, badges, and jewellery with this dual rose symbol.

Source: Tudor rose painting in the church of St. Leonard (16th century); jstor.org

Grim History Behind ‘Ring Around the Rosie’

This playground song about roses, still remains popular among children. However, this seemingly sweet rhyme carries undertones of a grim historical period. Despite its playful tone, it is often associated with the Great Plague in London, echoing the impact of the Black Death. The seemingly innocent lyrics convey a feeling of doom: “roses” symbolize deadly rashes, “posies” are thought to be preventive measures, and “a-tishoos” indicate sneezing related to the illness. The line about everyone falling down alludes to the grim outcome—death.

Source: internetarchive.org

Nur Jahan’s Rose-Coloured Reign in the Mughal Empire

When women were rarely in the public eye, Nur Jahan, the wife of Mughal emperor Jehangir, wielded significant power in the Mughal empire. She was a trailblazer as she wrote laws, set governmental policies, and even appeared on coinage during the Mughals’ rule in India. Additionally, she is renowned for creating rose oil and innovating methods to distill roses for Attar essential oil and flavouring Sherbet with rose essence.

Source: Portrait of Queen Nur Jahan; www.worldhistory.org

BLACK ROSES OF HALFETI

In 2000, Old Halfeti was submerged and its inhabitants moved to the new Halfeti village, about 10 kilometers away, along with their native roses. However, the roses struggled to adapt to their new surroundings. To prevent extinction, district officials intervened by collecting the seeds and planting them in greenhouses near their original location. This ensured their survival and saved them from disappearing. Initially blooming a deep wine colour, the roses gradually darken to black as summer progresses. The fame of these unique flowers has spread far and wide; they have inspired a Turkish TV show, a novel, and a perfume bearing their name.

Source: Black roses grown in Halfeti(2020); dailysabah.com

POTENTIAL MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF ROSES

Besides their beauty and fragrance, roses possess numerous health-promoting properties that extend far beyond their aesthetic appeal. There are around 100 to 150 varieties of roses, although most botanical experts think the actual number may be closer to 100.

Several studies have highlighted the nutritional benefits of roses, especially in terms of their nutrient content and chemical compounds that may promote good health. Roses contain certain essential elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and boron that may play a crucial role in maintaining nutritional balance and enhancing productivity. Additionally, certain aromatic acids found in rose fruits and nuts, have been associated with protective effects against illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Furthermore, they exhibit anti-aging properties by scavenging free radicals and shielding the body against oxidative damage.

Over time, the rose continues to evolve. Horticulturists today crossbreed and hybridise this plant to produce a variety of colours, shapes, and fragrances.

Source: Hegde et al., 2022

REFERENCES:

1. https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/The_Myths/Adonis_and_Aphrodite/adonis_and_aphrodite.html
2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173144?casa_token=cpm3nSPeKwQAAAAA%3A78v0I2ven5_YgTL1bwPfGCMVuJFR2-Kxcx1fVoPVbYmngF18r6xAXv8QVZX5BTJ1CrK3ZscP7mVA_eAKLwevZyhCDtzfklJtT08kntMkhjS3bTNCRg&seq=1
3. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048557745-013/html?lang=en
4. https://www.dom-hildesheim.de/en/content/1000-years-age-rosetree
5. https://bit.ly/49YKVpw
6. https://bit.ly/Medievalmonasterygrounds
7. https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/07/24/the-black-rose-of-halfeti
8. Hermida, J., Toro, M., Guzmán, M., & Cabrera, R. (2013). Determining nutrient diagnostic norms for greenhouse roses. Hortscience, 48(11), 1403-1410. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.11.1403
9. Damania, A.B. (2010) ‘The Mystical History of the Rose – The Queen of Flowers’, Asian Agri-History, 14(4), pp. 303–318. Available at: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=cef3c341-1736-3298-8039-4e8d6bd19501 (Accessed: 28 April 2024).
10. Hegde, A.S., Gupta, S., Sharma, S., Srivatsan, V. and Kumari, P., 2022. Edible rose flowers: A doorway to gastronomic and nutraceutical research. Food Research International, 162, p.111977.
11. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/roses